Monetary policy consists of tools used by the Federal Reserve to control the money supply.
There are three kinds of policy that the government has used to influence the macroeconomy:įiscal policy refers to government policies concerning taxes and expenditures. Why do labor markets not clear when other markets do? The existence of unemployment seems to imply that the aggregate labor market is not in equilibrium. The unemployment rate is a key indicator of the economy’s health. The unemployment rate is the percentage of the labor force that is unemployed. The size of the growth rate of output over a long period is also a concern of macroeconomists and policy makers. Two consecutive quarters of decrease in output signal a recession.Ī prolonged and deep recession becomes a depression. The main measure of how an economy is doing is aggregate output:Īggregate output is the total quantity of goods and services produced in an economy in a given period.Ī recession is a period during which aggregate output declines.
The business cycle is the cycle of short-term ups and downs in the economy. Hyperinflations are rare, but have been used to study the costs and consequences of even moderate inflation. Hyperinflation is a period of very rapid increases in the overall price level. Inflation is an increase in the overall price level. Keynes believed governments could intervene in the economy and affect the level of output and employment.įine-tuning was the phrase used by Walter Heller to refer to the government’s role in regulating inflation and unemployment. In 1936, John Maynard Keynes published The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. The failure of simple classical models to explain the prolonged existence of high unemployment during the Great Depression provided the impetus for the development of macroeconomics. The Great Depression was a period of severe economic contraction and high unemployment that began in 1929 and continued throughout the 1930s.Ĭlassical economists applied microeconomic models, or “market clearing” models, to economy-wide problems. Harga mobil penawaran minyak permintaan tenaga kerja dsbnya Ilmu Ekonomi Mikro: mempelajari aktivitas prilaku ekonomi individual, atau bagian atau unit kecil perekonomian: permintaan dan penawaran individual atau perusahaan Misalnya: pertumbuhan ek inflasi neraca pembayaran investasi dsbnyaĢ. Ilmu Ekonomi Makro: Mempelajari aktivitas ek secara keseluruhan (nasional, global) agregatif Pemerintah hrs menurunkan inflasi kebijakan pemerintah hrs memperkecil pengangguran Mempelajari ttg apa yg seharusnya terjadi, atau bgmn seharusnya masalah ek rakyat dipecahkan Misal: Inflasi akan lebih dari 10% pengangguran akan meningkat Jika pajak meningkat, konsumsi akan turun Menjelaskan: apa yg terjadi apa yg akan terjadi apa implikasi kebijakan pemerintah Ilmu Ekonomi Positif: membahas ttg apa dan bagaimana senyatanya masalah2 ekonomi dipecahkan. Krn daya beli berbeda pasar akan menimbulkan ketidakmerataan dalam distribusi barang/jasa Gambar tsb menunjukkan bgmn pasar menjawab tiga pertanyaan dasar ekonomi.ĭitentukan oleh penilaian konsumen atas barang yg diminta (demand) dibandingkan dg penawarannya (opportunity cost)Īpabila permintaan barang tsb lebih besar dibandingkan penawaran Diproduksiīarang yg dihasilkan dialokasikan utk konsumen yg mau membayar pada harga yg ditetapkan Ilmu yg mempelajari tindakan/aktivitas manusia yg ditimbulkan karena keterbatasan sbrdaya dan adanya kegunaan alternatif sbrdaya tsb, utk memenuhi kebutuhan manusia agar dicapai kepuasan optimal Ilmu yg mempelajari tingkah laku manusia dalam mengalokasikan sumber2 alam secara efisien Ilmu yg mempelajari bagaimana manusia mengalokasikan sumberdaya yg langka utk menghasilkan komoditi yg diinginkan, dan mendistribsikannya ke masyarakat. Mempelajari bgmn harga tanah, modal dan tenagakerja terbentuk dlm perekonomian, dan bgmn harga tsb mengalokasikan sumberdaya Ini ditandai dari artikel dan buku2 yg ditulis oleh Alfred Marshall, David ricardo, JM Mills, Karl Marx, Wlaras, JM Keynes, dsb.Īspek yg dipelajari: Uang, produksi, konsumsi, distribusi brg dan jasa, pembangunan, dsb-nya. Perkembangan teori ekonomi moderen sangat pesat setelah munculnya tulisan AS tsb. Sadono Sukirno, Pengantar Teori Makro Ekonomi, UI Pressĭitandai dgn Buku Adam Smith (1776) berjudul “An Inquiry into the Nature of the Wealth of the Nations”īuku ini memfokuskan pada Ekonomi Mikro AS: penggagas dari Ekonomi Mikro: membahas prilaku unit ekonomi individual (pasar, perusahan, rumahtangga, faktor produksi, harga, dsb) Samuelson and William D Nordhaus, Economics, cetakan ke-16, McGrawhill Fair, Principle of Macroeconomics, cetakan ke-5 (atau terakhir), 1999 © 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray Fair Chapter 1: The Scope and Method of Economics© 2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics, 6/e Karl Case, Ray Fair
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